Consequences of Industrialization

Working-Class Lifestyles

Women’s Work

Men’s Work

Children’s Work

Housing & Sanitation

women’s work
- 50% domestic work
- Then textiles
- some in pottery
Children’s work
- factories, especially textile factories
- work specifically designed for children.
  - work where their small bodies can more easily perform the duty rather than an adult
  - textile work, repairing threads in the cloth without turning off off the machine.
  - work in the mine as carriers
First sewers:
- major outbreaks of cholera in 1830s to 1850s.
- beginning in the 1850s.

Economic ideas that artificially increasing money for people was bad.
Malthus: Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
- Argued that population growth would always outstrip food supply.
- Therefore, poverty was inevitable.
- Population grows, then famine, then population shrinks, then population grows again.
Ricardo: Iron Law of Wages (1817)
- Argued that wages would always tend toward the minimum necessary to sustain life.
- Therefore, poverty was inevitable.
- Wages go up, but then population grows, and wages go down.
Led to idea that the poor were poor because they were lazy, and that the government should not help them.
Poor Law Amendment Act (1834)
- Previous system: Out-relief
  - Poor people were given money to help them survive.
  - The dole.
    - People could get money without working.
- New System: Workhouse with bad conditions.
  - Poor people were given work in exchange for food and shelter.
  - Conditions were intentionally bad to discourage people from seeking help.
  - Some workhouses go so bad, people went there to die to have a burial.
- Philosophy: Prevent Laziness
  - The poor were poor because they were lazy, and the government should not help them.

Fundamental Problem:
- People Still going hungry, despite more food than ever.
- Argued that humans were inherently socially cooperative creatures

Utopian Socialists
- Tried Creating New Alternative Societies
Karl Marx (1818-1883) & Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
- Communist Manifesto (1848)

Utopian socialists
- Made original critique of the changes brought by ind rev.(563)
- Imagined ideal communities through which humanity would prosper.
- Reaction to social consequences of econ. Liberalism.
- Many workers found explanatory power in their criticisms of capitalism/liberalism (563)
Robert Owen
- New Harmony, Indiana
- textile manufacturer in Scotland
- Believed that the environment shaped human character
- Moved to the US and created New Harmony, Indiana (1825)
- Planned community based around cooperation.
Charles Fourier
- Phalansteries
- French philosopher
- Believed that the industrial revolution was destroying human character and that people were inherently cooperative.
- Proposed a new type of community called a phalanstery, which would be self-sufficient and cooperative.
  - People lived and worked together.
  - Should follow passion.
  - Less desirable jobs paid more.